Iowa is made up of flat to rolling terrain, with some hilly areas in the northeastern corner of the state. The two major rivers of the Midwest, the Mississippi and the Missouri, form the eastern and western boundaries of the state. Other major waterways—the Des Moines, Iowa and Cedar rivers among them—run through the interior.
Native Americans inhabited the fertile area that became Iowa for thousands of years before Europeans arrived. The remains of large settlements and great ceremonial mounds have been found in the northeastern part of the state. Archaeologists named the builders the Mississippian culture. It is thought that these settlements were constructed between 650 and 1300, though most were not occupied when Europeans arrived in the 1600s. Early explorers and settlers did find Siouan-speaking Ioway and Oto people living throughout the area. The tribes occupying the timbered valleys near the Mississippi and Missouri rivers planted crops (maize, beans, squash) and hunted on a seasonal cycle. Those living in the tall-grass prairies hunted bison (buffalo) for their livelihood.
In 1673, Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet, the first European explorers to reach Iowa, traveled down the Mississippi. Their travels, along with those of Sieur de La Salle, helped secure the area for France, and French fur traders worked the area from the late 1600s into the 1700s. With the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Iowa became part of the U.S., and by the mid-1800s, most Native American lands in the area had been ceded to the nation. Iowa became a state in 1846.
The state's early settlers came from many areas, including New England and parts of northern and central Europe. Established as a free state because of the passage of the Missouri Compromise in the 1820s, Iowa was by and large opposed to slavery: Many residents became active in the abolitionist movement (John Brown spent some time in the area), and the state provided a large number of troops to the Union cause in the Civil War. One of the most infamous Confederate prisoner-of-war camps was at the Rock Island Arsenal, an island on the Mississippi River between Davenport and Rock Island, Illinois. Today the island is home to a well-maintained Confederate cemetery, which is decorated each Memorial Day.
When the state's agricultural economy struggled in the late 1800s, many Iowans joined the Populist Party and other political-reform movements that sought to uphold the rights of farmers. Agriculture has remained an important part of Iowa's business sector. It leads the nation in the production of pork, corn, soybeans and eggs, and nearly 90% of the state is farm land, including a growing number of organic operations.
Iowa's main attractions include vast acres/hectares of rolling farmland, the Mississippi River and the charming towns and cities that line its banks, the Amana Colonies, the Amish-Mennonite community of Kalona, Effigy Mounds National Monument, casino gambling, railroad memorabilia, the cultural attractions in Iowa City and Des Moines, and outdoor recreation.
Travelers who have a strong interest in Midwestern history and agriculture, curiosity about the Amana Colonies and the Amish way of life, or who just enjoy visiting with down-to-earth, friendly people, will have a great time in Iowa. Those who crave the rapid pace of big cities or dramatically beautiful scenery may find the state less to their liking.
The Iowa State Fair has been the inspiration for a novel, three motion pictures and a Broadway musical by Rodgers and Hammerstein. Each year it attracts more than a million people, making it the state's biggest event.
The University of Iowa in Iowa City is home to the nation's top-ranked program in creative writing. Graduates include Flannery O'Connor, John Irving, Jane Smiley and James Alan McPherson. The city is home to a number of fine bookstores, and many nationally known writers include Iowa City in their book tours.
The movies Field of Dreams and The Bridges of Madison County are set in Iowa and continue to draw fans to sites connected to their filmings.
With miles/kilometers of fairly level land and many uncrowded rural roads, Iowa is a great place for bicycling. Each year, some 10,000 riders participate in Iowa's biggest bike tour, RAGBRAI—the Register's Annual Great Bike Ride Across Iowa (the Register is Des Moines' major daily newspaper). The tour covers 500 mi/805 km and draws participants from around the world.
Thanks to Wells' Blue Bunny, the town of LeMars in northwestern Iowa produces more ice cream than any other city in the world.
Famous native Iowans include William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody; Johnny Carson; Mamie Eisenhower; actors John Wayne, Ashton Kutcher, Elijah Wood and Donna Reed; opera singer Simon Estes; space physicist James Van Allen; U.S. President Herbert Hoover; and artist Grant Wood.
Iowa has more hogs than people at a ratio of about 5:1.
